Before England's three-match series against Canada, few would have predicted this outcome.

A 2-0 series defeat for the Red Roses; their record 39-match winning streak and 41-match unbeaten run – stretching back nearly four years – ended; and consecutive losses for the first time since 2016.

Over the past 13 months, Canada have turned a 33-13 defeat in the World Cup final into a statement 31-22 win in Ottawa. And three years out from the 2029 World Cup, they have laid down an early marker of their title credentials.

More than that, they have proved England are not invincible – a reality which should hearten New Zealand and perennial Women's Six Nations bridesmaids France because both have beaten giant-killers Canada in the past 12 months.

For the second time in eight days, England captain Meg Jones has been called upon to take stock of a defeat. Once again, she opted for a message of defiance.

"It was a hell of a contest. We're not broken, we just need to grow," said Jones. "Do it together, use the lessons. We're playing the best teams, getting the best punches thrown at us.

"I genuinely believe we've got the best players in the world. When we're firing, generally we're unstoppable. We don't dwell on the past, we're not anxious about the future, we're focused on the present."

It's true, this is far from panic stations. In 2016, England were the defending world champions when they lost to France and beaten finalists Canada. Since then, they've been imperious, winning a second World Cup, reaching the final in 2017 and 2022, and lifting nine of the past 10 Six Nations titles.

This is only their third defeat in 74 matches, so perspective is required.

But England's performances throughout the WXV Global Series highlighted areas for improvement.

They have lacked their usual clinical edge in attack. In Ottawa, Sarah Bern was held up over the line and England conceded a turnover less than five metres out as they failed to make their dominance pay before the break.

Tellingly, they opted to kick a penalty early in the second half to close the deficit – perhaps a lesson learned from last month's 26-26 draw in Exeter, where they turned down a shot at goal to snatch the win in the dying moments.

In defence, they have conceded 18 tries across their past five matches in the WXV, compared to eight in six at the World Cup. They have trailed at the break three times, something they hadn't experienced since 2020.

Last week, ill-discipline repeatedly gifted Canada field position before a late handling error, which put a clearing kick under pressure, opened the door for the hosts' winning try.

On Friday night, Gabrielle Senft picked off a bouncing ball from a missed pass to set up Canada's second try. Minutes later, England were lucky not to concede a similar try when a pass bisected Jess Breach and Jones, who pounced on the ball just before Lizzie Gibson got to it.

"We were riding the waves, building phases, scrum, set piece, we were very strong. Sometimes it's the bounce of the ball or it doesn't swing your way. We couldn't execute when we got in their 22, that's a big one to reflect on for sure," said Jones.

Canada does not have a professional women's domestic league and their players had to launch a crowd-funding campaign before the last World Cup to cover the cost of their training camps.

It's unsurprising, therefore, that many of Canada's top talents play domestically in England's Premiership Women's Rugby, which offers a level of training and match experience they cannot find elsewhere.

Twenty-five Canadian players are contracted for the 2026-27 season, with 11 featuring in July's PWR final between Saracens and Trailfinders. Three Canadian coaches, including head coach Kevin Rouet at Saracens, are also involved in English domestic rugby.

PWR squads must have a minimum of 13 England qualified players in a matchday squad.

But England head coach John Mitchell has warned that too many overseas players in the PWR could be detrimental for future Red Roses sides.

"I think it's necessary to make sure that young English girls are getting enough PWR time," Mitchell said. "It's a critical pathway because Sevens is definitely gone. For players aged between 19 and 23, it's critical.

"We're just going to make sure we don't erode our depth as a result of [overseas involvement]. It's not so much about now. It will be the future that will suffer if we're not smart in that area."

Mitchell has been forced to call upon England's squad depth on multiple occasions in 2026 with Abby Dow and Emily Scarratt retiring after the World Cup, four players absent through pregnancy, and several big names – including Hannah Botterman, Alex Matthews, and Amy Cokayne – spending time on the sidelines because of injury.

He's handed out more than half a dozen debuts this year, with hooker Bryony Field particularly impressing during September's home internationals, played the likes of Abi Burton and Ellie Kildunne out of position, and brought Liz Crake back into the fold after several years away.